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"obesity is associated with loss of beneficial Bifidobacteria, while key proinflammatory species gain in abundance. A downstream systemic inflammatory signature culminates with macrophage migration to the synovium and accelerated knee OA. Oligofructose supplementation restores the lean gut microbiome in obese mice, in part, by supporting key commensal microflora, particularly Bifidobacterium pseudolongum. This is associated with reduced inflammation in the colon, circulation, and knee and protection from OA."
"Pre-illness studies in IBD and intervention trials provide convincing evidence that a plant-based diet, with increased consumption of fruit/vegetables and less red meat intake could be suggested to patients with IBD in remission."
"in several animal models, high-fat/high-sugar diet, gluten, red meat, maltodextrin, and emulsifiers may induce or accelerate intestinal inflammation. Certain dietary fibres and soy protein might be beneficial...Presumably diet alone is inadequate to cause IBD, but there is evidence for a gene/diet interaction"
"epidemiology studies have indicated that diets high in animal fat and low in fruits and vegetables are the most common pattern associated with an increased risk of IBD"
"Until several ongoing clinical trials are completed, a reasonable approach to dietary recommendations for patients with IBD is to propose a well-balanced, healthy (low-fat, low-sugar) diet prepared from fresh ingredients, such as the Mediterranean diet, with exclusions of self-identified foods that worsen or trigger IBD-related symptoms."
"Evidence now proposes that whereas human genetics are important, they explain only a small fraction of the risk of developing the disease...The aim of this topical review was to extensively review the literature on the role of diet and nutrition in the aetiology and management of IBD and set the agenda for future research."
"The present meta-analysis offers proof to support that a low FODMAP diet is beneficial for reducing gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with quiescent IBD. With the inherent limitations, the findings of this analysis remain to be confirmed"
"Given the complexity of studying the relationship between diet and RA disease activity, we highlight areas deserving further study before specific recommendations can be made to RA patients."
"The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is steadily in the rise in Western as well as in developing countries paralleling the increase of westernized diets, characterized by high protein and fat as well as excessive sugar intake, with less vegetables and fiber."
"This article critically reviews the current evidence on environmental risk factors for IBD and proposes directions for future research."
"Exclusion diets and the low FODMAP diet are two areas identified in this review that show promise for having therapeutic benefits for patients with IBD."
"In vitro and some animal models have shown that quercetin, a polyphenol derived from plants, has a wide range of biological actions including anti-carcinogenic, anti-inflammatory and antiviral activities; as well as attenuating lipid peroxidation, platelet aggregation and capillary permeability. ... Nevertheless, further studies are needed to better characterize the mechanisms of action underlying the beneficial effects of quercetin on inflammation and immunity."
"results suggest that a whole-foods, plant-based diet significantly improves self-assessed measures of functional status among osteoarthritis patients"
"The present meta-analysis supports the efficacy of a low FODMAP diet in the treatment of functional gastrointestinal symptomultiple sclerosis"
"the low-FODMAP diet and the IBD-AID, seem to be reasonably balanced and sound without causing weight loss in ill IBD patients."
"Established high-prevalence populations of IBD in North America and Europe experienced the steepest increase in incidence towards the second half of the twentieth century. Furthermore, populations previously considered 'low risk' (such as in Japan and India) are witnessing an increase in incidence..."
"essentially all food groups- fruits, vegetables, meats, and grains- have been noted by patient self-report to exacerbate symptoms and do not provide generalizable information for other patients with IBD. Rather, patients may be instructed to be aware of their diet through food diaries and their symptoms and make modifications specific to the individual patient"
"Although the precise mechanism is to be determined, epidemiology provides convincing evidence that a plant-based diet is a healthy diet providing therapeutic and/or preventive effects against current major chronic diseases.22–24 Available data suggest the rationale to use dietary fiber in the treatment of IBD."
"nutritional patterns collectively termed the “Western diet”, including high-fat and cholesterol, high-protein, high-sugar, and excess salt intake, as well as frequent consumption of processed and ‘fast foods’, promote obesity, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease ... numerous positive experimental results across different disease entities encourage further exploration of the cellular and molecular immunological basis underlying nutritional control of autoimmunity. It is current knowledge that nutrition, the intestinal microbiota, the gut mucosal immune system, and autoimmune pathology are deeply intertwined."
"There is a substantial amount of evidence to suggest that many foods, nutrients and non-nutrient food components modulate inflammation both acutely and chronically ... elevated unresolved chronic inflammation is a core perturbation in a range of chronic diseases and is an important determinant of the pathological impact of excess adiposity"
"the nonhuman sialic acid N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), showing that it is highly and selectively enriched in red meat. The bound form of Neu5Gc is bioavailable, undergoing metabolic incorporation into human tissues, despite being a foreign antigen. ... when human-like Neu5Gc-deficient mice were fed bioavailable Neu5Gc and challenged with anti-Neu5Gc antibodies, they developed evidence of systemic inflammation ... our data provide an unusual mechanistic explanation for the epidemiological association between red meat consumption and carcinoma risk."
"Here we show that dietary factors and lifestyle may exacerbate or ameliorate MS symptoms by modulating the inflammatory status ... What increases inflammation are hypercaloric Western-style diets, characterized by high salt, animal fat, red meat, sugar-sweetened drinks, fried food, low fiber, and lack of physical exercise. The persistence of this type of diet upregulates the metabolism of human cells toward biosynthetic pathways including those of proinflammatory molecules and also leads to a dysbiotic gut microbiota, alteration of intestinal immunity, and low-grade systemic inflammation. Conversely, exercise and low-calorie diets based on the assumption of vegetables, fruit, legumes, fish, prebiotics, and probiotics act on nuclear receptors and enzymes that upregulate oxidative metabolism, downregulate the synthesis of proinflammatory molecules, and restore or maintain a healthy symbiotic gut microbiota."
"Age-dependent and societal differences in the intestinal microbiota could result from differences in diet. Examples include differences in the intestinal microbiota of breast- vs formula-fed infants, or differences in microbial richness in individuals consuming an agrarian plant-based vs a Western diet, which is high in meat and fat. We review how diet affects the structure and metabolome of the human intestinal microbiome, and may contribute to health or pathogenesis of disorders such as coronary vascular disease and inflammatory bowel diseases."
"The saturated and transfatty acids favor a proinflammatory state leading to insulin resistance. These fatty acids can be involved in several inflammatory pathways, contributing to disease progression in chronic inflammation, autoimmunity, allergy, cancer, atherosclerosis, hypertension, and heart hypertrophy as well as other metabolic and degenerative diseases. As a consequence, lipotoxicity may occur in several target organs by direct effects, represented by inflammation pathways, and through indirect effects, including an important alteration in the gut microbiota associated with endotoxemia."
"High dietary intakes of total fats, PUFAs, omega-6 fatty acids, and meat were associated with an increased risk of CD and UC. High fiber and fruit intakes were associated with decreased CD risk, and high vegetable intake was associated with decreased UC risk."
"data from 170,776 women, followed up over 26 years...[shows] long-term intake of dietary fiber, particularly from fruit, is associated with lower risk of CD but not UC."
"Present data reveal that healthy dietary molecules have a pleiotropic role and are able to change cell metabolism from anabolism to catabolism and down-regulate inflammation by interacting with enzymes, nuclear receptors and transcriptional factors. The control of gut dysbiosis and the combination of hypo-caloric, low-fat diets with specific vitamins, oligoelements and dietary integrators, including fish oil and polyphenols, may slow-down the progression of the disease and ameliorate the wellness of MS patients."
"The effects of dietary manipulation...on rheumatoid arthritis are still uncertain"
"Among 67,581 participants...High total protein intake, specifically animal protein, was associated with a significantly increased risk of IBD...high consumption of meat or fish but not of eggs or dairy products was associated with IBD risk."
"Inflammation is the common link among the leading causes of death. Inflammation is the common link among the leading causes of death. Mechanistic studies have shown how various dietary components can modulate key pathways to inflammation including sympathetic activity, oxidative stress, transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation, and proinflammatory cytokine production ... Diets that promote inflammation are high in refined starches, sugar, saturated and trans-fats, and low in omega-3 fatty acids, natural antioxidants and fiber from fruits, vegetables, and whole grains"
"available evidence suggests that fasting followed by vegetarian diets might be useful in the treatment of RA"
"Apigenin therapy of SNF1 mice with established lupus suppressed serum levels of pathogenic autoantibodies to nuclear antigens up to 97% and markedly delayed development of severe glomerulonephritis"
"Surveys suggest that up to 70% of people with MS have tried one or more CAM treatment for their MS ... The most promising among CAM therapies that warrant further investigation are a low-fat diet, omega-3 fatty acids, lipoic acid and vitamin D supplementation as potential anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective agents"
"Neuroinflammation is a hallmark of all major CNS [central nervous system] diseases ... The dietary ratio of AA [arachidonic acid] to DHA [docosahexaenoic acid] may affect neurodegeneration associated with acute neural trauma and neurodegenerative diseases. The dietary intake of docosahexaenoic acid offers the possibility of counter-balancing the harmful effects of high levels of AA-derived pro-inflammatory lipid mediators."
"Consumption of a meal containing saturated fat reduced the antiinflammatory potential of HDL and impaired arterial endothelial function, whereas the antiinflammatory potential of HDL improved after consumption of polyunsaturated fat. These results suggest that the fatty acid composition of a meal influences the antiinflammatory potential of HDL and endothelial function, both key factors in atherogenesis."
"This study showed that patients with moderate-to-severe RA, who switch to a very low-fat, vegan diet can experience significant reductions in RA symptoms."
"Increasing evidence from human population studies and animal research has established correlative as well as causative links between chronic inflammation and insulin resistance ... we show that many inflammation and macrophage-specific genes are dramatically upregulated in white adipose tissue (WAT) in mouse models of genetic and high-fat diet-induced obesity (DIO). ... We propose that obesity-related insulin resistance is, at least in part, a chronic inflammatory disease initiated in adipose tissue."
"Twenty‐two patients in the vegan group and 25 patients in the non‐vegan diet group completed 9 months or more on the diet regimens. Of these diet completers, 40.5% (nine patients) in the vegan group fulfilled the ACR20 improvement criteria compared with 4% (one patient) in the non‐vegan group. "
"Interventions and cross sectional studies on subjects consuming uncooked vegan diet called living food (LF) have been carried out ... The shift of fibromyalgic subjects to LF resulted in a decrease of their joint stiffness and pain as well as an improvement of their self-experienced health. The rheumatoid arthritis patients eating the LF diet also reported similar positive responses and the objective measures supported this finding. The improvement of rheumatoid arthritis was significantly correlated with the day-to-day fluctuation of subjective symptoms. In conclusion the rheumatoid patients subjectively benefited from the vegan diet rich in antioxidants, lactobacilli and fibre, and this was also seen in objective measures"
"Aggravating substances appear to include excess calories, excess protein, high fat (especially saturated and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids), zinc, iron, and L-canavanine found in alfalfa tablets. Possible beneficial dietary compounds include vitamin E, vitamin A (beta-carotene), selenium, fish oils (omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids), evening primrose oil, flaxseed, a plant herb (Tripterygium wilfordii), dehydroepiandrosterone, and calcium plus vitamin D (if taking corticosteroids) ... No large-scale studies have been performed with LE patients to substantiate the benefit, if any, of these individual dietary interventions"
"the results show that some patients with RA can benefit from a fasting period followed by a vegetarian diet"
"results showed that an uncooked vegan diet, rich in lactobacilli, decreased subjective symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis"
"a vegan diet changes the faecal microbial flora in RA patients, and changes in the faecal flora are associated with improvement in RA activity."
"increased incidence of Crohn disease was strongly (P < 0.001) correlated with increased dietary intake of total fat (r = 0.919). animal fat (r = 0.880), n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (r = 0.883), animal protein (r = 0.908), milk protein (r = 0.924), and the ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acid intake (r = 0.792)...and was inversely correlated with intake of vegetable protein (r = -0.941, P < 0.001)."
"144 multiple sclerosis patients took a low-fat diet for 34 years ... patients who adhered to the prescribed diet (less than or equal to 20 g fat/day) showed significantly less deterioration and much lower death rates than did those who consumed more fat than prescribed (greater than 20 g fat/day). The greatest benefit was seen in those with minimum disability at the start of the trial; in this group, when those who died from non-MS diseases were excluded from the analysis, 95% survived and remained physically active."
"Prevalence of MS in many countries was correlated with average daily per capita consumption of fats and oils, protein, and calories, including calories of animal origin. Of these dietary factors, only calories of animal origin and fats and oils correlated significantly with MS prevalence. When the latter two were combined (animal-fats), a significant correlation with MS prevalence of.70 resulted, suggesting that increased consumption of animal-fat may be associated with MS."
"This study indicated that, in all probability, MS is caused largely by consumption of saturated animal fat."