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"The global adoption of healthy diets from sustainable food systems would safeguard our planet and improve the health of billions. ... The Commission shows that feeding 10 billion people a healthy diet within safe planetary boundaries for food production by 2050 is both possible and necessary. The data are both sufficient and strong enough to warrant immediate action. It also demonstrates that the universal adoption of a planetary health diet would help avoid severe environmental degradation and prevent approximately 11 million human deaths annually."
"Just under 135 million person-years of data from 185 prospective studies and 58 clinical trials with 4635 adult participants were included in the analyses. Observational data suggest a 15-30% decrease in all-cause and cardiovascular related mortality, and incidence of coronary heart disease, stroke incidence and mortality, type 2 diabetes, and colorectal cancer when comparing the highest dietary fibre consumers with the lowest consumers Clinical trials show significantly lower bodyweight, systolic blood pressure, and total cholesterol when comparing higher with lower intakes of dietary fibre. Risk reduction associated with a range of critical outcomes was greatest when daily intake of dietary fibre was between 25 g and 29 g. Dose-response curves suggested that higher intakes of dietary fibre could confer even greater benefit to protect against cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, and colorectal and breast cancer. Similar findings for whole grain intake were observed. Smaller or no risk reductions were found with the observational data when comparing the effects of diets characterised by low rather than higher glycaemic index or load. The certainty of evidence for relationships between carbohydrate quality and critical outcomes was graded as moderate for dietary fibre, low to moderate for whole grains, and low to very low for dietary glycaemic index and glycaemic load. Data relating to other dietary exposures are scarce."
"Increasing calcium intake from dietary sources or by taking calcium supplements produces small non-progressive increases in BMD, which are unlikely to lead to a clinically significant reduction in risk of fracture."
"Nine of the world’s most iconic fast-food companies are not up to scratch in protecting and managing the welfare of the chickens that make their businesses possible and profitable. Not one of the companies assessed for ‘The Pecking Order 2018’ had an effectively-implemented strategic commitment to chicken welfare. This is despite increased customer concern for the way the animals used by these businesses are treated. Chickens that supply the fast-food industry are farmed on a huge industrial scale. Fast growth rates leading to lameness and immense pain and suffering are the norm as is extreme close confinement, in enormous, featureless sheds containing tens of thousands of birds."
"Vegetarians have a lower prevalence of overweight and obesity and a lower risk of IHD compared with non-vegetarians from a similar background, whereas the data are equivocal for stroke. For cancer, there is some evidence that the risk for all cancer sites combined is slightly lower in vegetarians than in non-vegetarians, but findings for individual cancer sites are inconclusive. Vegetarians have also been found to have lower risks for diabetes, diverticular disease and eye cataract. Overall mortality is similar for vegetarians and comparable non-vegetarians, but vegetarian groups compare favourably with the general population. The long-term health of vegetarians appears to be generally good, and for some diseases and medical conditions it may be better than that of comparable omnivores. Much more research is needed, particularly on the long-term health of vegans."
"In the fully adjusted models, increasing consumption of fruit and vegetables combined was associated with reductions in all-cause mortality, with the highest risk reduction seen up to 7 serves/day or more of fruit and vegetables (P for trend = 0.002, hazard ratio for highest versus lowest consumption quartile: 0.90; 95 % confidence interval: 0.84, 0.97). Separate consumption of fruit and vegetables, as well as consumption of raw or cooked vegetables, were associated with a reduced risk of all-cause mortality in the crude and minimally adjusted models (all P for trend <0.05). With the exception of raw vegetables, these associations remained significant in the fully adjusted models (all P for trend <0.05). Age and sex were significant effect modifiers of the association between fruit and vegetable consumption and all-cause mortality."
"Transitioning toward more plant-based diets that are in line with standard dietary guidelines could reduce global mortality by 6–10% and food-related greenhouse gas emissions by 29–70% compared with a reference scenario in 2050...Overall, we estimate the economic benefits of improving diets to be 1–31 trillion US dollars, which is equivalent to 0.4–13% of global gross domestic product (GDP) in 2050."
"Our analysis finds that transitioning the American diet to one that includes less processed food and meat, and more fruits and vegetables, would significantly shift today's corn- and soybean-dominated farm landscape to one that is more diversified. In turn, a landscape that produces a healthier mix of crops and livestock for local and regional markets can have positive effects—not only in improved nutrition and health for consumers but also in the form of significant benefits for the environment and farm country's local economies. ... Together, cereal grains and oilseeds represent 59 percent of U.S. crop acreage while vegetables, fruits, and nuts account for only 2 percent. ... This distribution of cropland is incentivized by farm policies that provide subsidies forfarmers to grow select nonperishable 'commodity' crops e.g., corn and soybeans. Moreover, farmers who receive such subsidies are prohibited from planting any acreage with fruits and vegetables (unless certain highly prescribed conditions are met). In addition, the insurance program administered and subsidized by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) is oriented toward farmers who grow a handful of subsidized commodity crops, often leaving many fruit and vegetable farmers (particularly those growing a variety of crops) without access to adequate insurance and thus poorly positioned to obtain needed credit ... Our analysis found that if Americans consumed just one additional serving of fruits or vegetables each day, we would prevent 30,000 deaths from coronary heart disease and stroke annually and save $5 billion in national health care expenditures; if Americans went a step further and ate enough fruits and vegetables to fully meet federal dietary guidelines, we would prevent 127,000 such deaths each year and save $17 billion in medical costs."
"The range of non-fermented and fermented milk consumption and the shape of the associations between milk consumption and mortality differed considerably between studies ... we observed no consistent association between milk consumption and all-cause or cause-specific mortality."
"high adherence on each [diet] index was protective for CVD and cancer mortality examined separately. These findings indicate that multiple scores reflect core tenets of a healthy diet that may lower the risk of mortality outcomes"
"This meta-analysis provides further evidence that a higher consumption of fruit and vegetables is associated with a lower risk of all cause mortality, particularly cardiovascular mortality."
"Vegetarian diets confer protection against cardiovascular diseases, cardiometabolic risk factors, some cancers and total mortality. Compared to lacto-ovo-vegetarian diets, vegan diets seem to offer additional protection for obesity, hypertension, type-2 diabetes, and cardiovascular mortality. Males experience greater health benefits than females."
"Multivitamin-multimineral treatment has no effect on mortality risk."
"A low-carbohydrate diet based on animal sources was associated with higher all-cause mortality in both men and women, whereas a vegetable-based low-carbohydrate diet was associated with lower all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality rates."
"In older women, several commonly used dietary vitamin and mineral supplements may be associated with increased total mortality risk; this association is strongest with supplemental iron. In contrast to the findings of many studies, calcium is associated with decreased risk"
"Red and processed meat intakes were associated with modest increases in total mortality, cancer mortality and CVD mortality."
"Long chain and shorter chain omega 3 fats do not have a clear effect on total mortality, combined cardiovascular events, or cancer."